What is a microgrid or micronetwork?

Details of a microgrid/micronetwork

It is a network for local electricity production and distribution, often used to supplement energy during peak demand periods. However, what makes a microgrid particularly useful and essential is its ability to operate autonomously and independently, even when disconnected from the main grid.

This means it does not rely on another network for supply and can remain operational even during incidents that impact the main grid. Sometimes, microgrids can function in isolation when there is no main grid available. This is the case, for example, on some remote islands.

What are the components of a microgrid?

To fully understand how a microgrid operates, it’s important to know its components. At the heart of its setup, this type of system includes an electric generator that can run on gas, solar power, or wind.

It also features energy storage units which, thanks to significant advancements in electrochemistry, can store enough energy for times when, due to a blackout or for self-sufficiency, the microgrid needs to operate independently.

An operating system ensures the microgrid functions safely and effectively, utilising control sensors and software to manage the setup. Additionally, cutting-edge tools such as artificial intelligence and machine learning have been integrated into microgrids to enhance their consumption efficiency and overall performance.

Benefits of having a microgrid

Whether it’s to respond to high energy demands or to supply electricity independently, microgrids offer numerous advantages:

• Cost savings: A microgrid can help optimise energy costs by combining renewable resources with others. This not only reduces our reliance on fossil fuels but can also be financially beneficial, allowing the use of self-generated electricity during peak demand periods when prices are typically higher.
• Lower emissions: By using renewable resources as the primary energy source, microgrids emit less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
• More reliable installation: As they are not dependent on other networks, microgrids enhance the reliability of the electrical system in areas particularly vulnerable to blackouts.
• Increased resilience: In the event of natural disasters or other disruptions to the main grid, microgrids can continue to provide power, even during critical times.
• Total independence: Capable of generating energy independently, microgrids offer complete independence from the main grid.

Disadvantages of using a microgrid

Although microgrids are generally employed to enhance or support an electrical grid, there are several disadvantages that can impact their implementation:

• Initial investment: One of the initial “pain points” in setting up a microgrid is the substantial financial investment required. The infrastructure and components tend to be costly, as is their maintenance.
• Limited scalability: Microgrids are usually implemented in small areas, such as local communities, industrial estates, or specific locations like remote islands. Scaling up a microgrid to accommodate growth in these areas can be challenging.
• Complex management planning: Due to their design and operational requirements, microgrids can be more complex to manage than the standard electrical grid, necessitating detailed planning for energy consumption needs.

Examples of how real microgrids work

Microgrids have been providing essential energy support when it’s most needed for quite some time. Here are some of the most illustrative examples of how they enhance and secure the network:

Hawaii (United States)

This archipelago, with its paradisiacal beaches featuring crystal-clear water and fine white sand, is powered by a microgrid located on the island of Molokai. This system operates through a combination of solar and wind energy, supported by robust storage capabilities.

Brooklyn (New York – USA)

In the New York borough of Brooklyn, some rooftops are equipped with solar panels. These have enabled the community to establish a microgrid that allows for the local, sustainable, and decentralised buying and selling of energy.

Gold mine at Agnew (Australia)

Remote locations are prime examples of where microgrids can be particularly beneficial. The Agnew gold mine in Waroonga, Western Australia, utilises a mix of renewable energy and gas to power its batteries.